Posts Tagged ‘Sikhi’

Sikh Religion Integrates with Nature

`Sikh Religion Integrates with Nature

Introduction

 

Human birth is an opportunity to be aware of the purpose of life, act accordingly and unite with the Creator.The fundamental role of all religions is to make their followers aware of the Creator’s purpose of creating the universe. It guides them how to overcome allurements in life so as not to forget the divine commands. This the role of the preceptor or Guru.

 

The Sikh religion was founded by Guru Nanak (1469-1539) and followed by nine serial successors. Their teachings along with other saints are recroded in Sri Guru Granth Sahib (SGGS), the eternal Guru of the Sikhs. Its contents are called Gurbani, meaning the guru’s word and this term is commonly used.

 

The SGGS starts with description of attributes of the Almighty:

 

1 Oankaar, satinaam, karta purakh, nirbhau, nirvair, akaal moorat, ajooni, sibha’n, gurprasaad-i.

 

The One singular/indivisible Almighty, whose writ is universal/inevitable, the Creator, fearless/the highest (not accountable to anyone), without animus/no equal, embodiment of timeless-ness/deathless-ness, does not incarnate (is the Spirit). Is understood with the guru’s guidance.

 

The Formless Divine Spirit alone can be Omnipresent, Omniscient and Omnipotent. A physical being cannot.

 

Prologue.

 

Aad sach. Jugaad sach. Hai bhi sach, Nanak hosi bhi sach.

 

Note: ‘Sach’ means truth, and stands for the inevitable divine writ, i.e. laws of nature.

 

The divine writ or laws of nature were present/applicable at the origin of the universe, through the ages, are now, and shall ever be applicable.

 

Gurbani states that the universe is a composite system of celestial bodies and creatures. Their roles and applicable laws have been laid down. The humans exist as part of this set up. Gurbani says:

 

Sabh aaey hukam khasmaah-i hukam-i sabh vartni. P 723

 

Everyone is born according to commands of the Master, i.e. laws of nature/the divine-created system, and functions accordingly. 

 

This is how.

 

Khaak noor kard’n aalam duneeaey. Asmaan Jimee darakhat aab paidaais khudaaey. P 723

 

The Creator put life in dust and created the world; the sky, plants and water were all created by the Creator.

 

It details this as follows:

 

Saachey tey pavnaa bhaiaa, pavnai tey jal hoey.

Jal tey tribhavan saajiaa, ghatt ghatt jot samoey. P 19

 

From the Eternal came air, from air (oxygen and hydrogen gases) water was formed, and from water the creatures in/on three regions (oceans, land and space) came into being; the (jot = light) Divine Spirit pervades in all.

 

Again,

 

Raati, ruti, thiti, vaar. Pavan paani agni paataal. This vich dharti thaap rakhi dharamsaal. Japji Paurri 34.

 

The Creator made: Days, nights, seasons, the lunar cycles, days of the week – through combination of the sun, earth and moon.

Provided air, water, fire/energy and land – for life to exist.

In this set up, the Creator established the earth with all these, as place for the creatures to perform their duties.

 

Learning from Nature

 

The Creator has made the human body comprising of the five elements – Air (breathing), water (seventy percent of body), earth (physical mass), fire/energy and sky (space). Gurbani says we should follow the characteristics of these five as below.

 

Brahmgiaani

One who understands Divine virtues and commands –

 

Sadaa nirleyp, jaisey jal mah kamal aleyp.

Is untouched by vices, like the lotus flower in water is untouched by it.

 

Sadaa nirdokh, jaisy soor sarab kau sokh

Has no antagonism with anyone, like the sun provides heat to all.

 

Kai dristt samaan, jaisai raaja rank kau laagai tul pavaan

Sees everyone equal, like the air treats everyone equal.

 

Kai dheeraj eyk, jio basudhaa jo-oo khodai ko-oo chandan leyp.

Maintains patience, like land does not care whether someone digs it or coats it with Sandalwood paste, i.e. with fragrance. ====

 

Ka ihai gunaau, Nanak jio pavak ka sahj subhaau.

Is always steady, like the quality of fire is – ever to provide heat.

 

Nirmal tey nirmalaa, jaise mail na laagai jalaa

Is free from vices, like dirt does not stick to waterP 272-73.

 

Temptations, and how to overcome them.

 

Gurbani uses allegories to show how different types of creatures fall prey to one temptation each and perish, because they have no guide. On the other hand, humans face numerous allurements. They have no hope unless they follow the guru to overcome them.

 

Mrig meen bharing patang kunchar eyk dokh binaas. Panch dokh asaadh ja mah ta ki keytak aas. P 486

The deer, fish, bumblebee, moth and elephant perish for one weakness each.

What hope then for the human who has five unchecked weaknesses.  

 The weaknesses of these five creatures and humans are:

The deer runs towards where music plays and is caught.

The fish being greedy goes for the bait and is caught.

The bumblebee is tempted by fragrance of the flower and perishes in it.

The moth goes for the lamp and dies there.

The elephant being obsessed with lust goes for the model of a female elephant laced on a pit, falls into the pit and gets caught.

The human being has lust, wrath, greed, attachment to worldly things and vanity.

 

Gurbani also uses metaphors to show how to remain alert to vices.

 

Jaisey jal mah kamal niraalam murgaaee naisaaney. Surat sabad bhavsagar tareeai nanak naam vakhaaney. P 938

Like the lotus flower in water remains untouched by it; or the duck does not let its wings get wet when in water.

We can swim across/overcome the world-ocean of temptations by focusing our consciousness on the Divine commands.

 

Methods of worship

 

The usual methods of worship in various religions are to offer flowers in front of the deity, light lamps, burn incense and wave a fly whisk on the deity. Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikh religion (1469-1539) once went to a temple named Jagannath temple or temple of the Master of the world in Orissa state in India. The worship called Aarti was being performed there. In this, the priest places lamps, flowers, monetary offerings etc. in a tray and moves it in a circular fashion. Guru Nanak watched but did not participate. When asked why he did not participate in worship, he said you built or bought the perceived image of a deity and call it Master of the world, enclose it in a room and worship it. “But I join in worship of the true Master who pervades the whole universe”. He then described it as follows.

 

Gagan mai thaal rav chand deepak baney taarika mandal janak moti. Dhoop maliaanlo pavan chavro karey, sagal banreeey phoolant joti. P 13.

 

The sky is like a tray in which the sun and moon are the lamps, and the constellation of stars are the gems and jewels.

The fragrance of sandalwood trees is the incense, and the breeze waves the fly whisk; all vegetation is the flowers.

 

Learning from Water

 

Human form is the opportunity to appreciate Divine majesty experienced within the self and seen in nature. This way, one feel humble and praises the Creator. Our conscience tells us to conduct ourselves in conformance to nature. As follows.

 

The water in the oceans sees its duty to irrigate the land, be useful for washing and bathing and finally get back to the ocean.

 

It evaporates from the ocean, travels as clouds, drops rains in higher reaches to form rivers and the water travels. It has initially to overcome obstacles like rocks, with no clear passage, but it finds its way.

 

The humans build dams for storage of water or for hydroelectric plants. It helps in that and. The turbulence and obstacles so faced ends when it enters the plains and finally merges with the sea. Similarly, when the human is able to experience nearness to the Almighty, s/he becomes at peace. This is union with God.

 

 

Saalaahi saalah eyti surat na paaeeaa. Nadeaa atey vaah pavah-i samund na jaaneeah. Japji Paurri 23.

 

Praise the praiseworthy Almighty intuitively such as not even to know you are doing it. Like the rivers and streams flowing into the sea lose their identity.

 

Again.

Jaisi ḏẖarṯi oopar meygẖula barsaṯ hai kiaa ḏẖarṯi maḏẖey paani naahi.   Jaisey dharti madhey paani pargaasiaa, bin pagaa varsat phiraahi.

 

Whatever the type of land, the clouds drop rain on it; is water not present in the earth?

Like water can be seen enclosed by land, it forms clouds and drops rain.

 

Message: The soil its lost moisture to be replenished even though the oceans are full of water. Similarly, the humans ignore divine commands present within, because of temptations and need to be reminded by listening to scriptures and attending holy congregation where divine virtues and commands are recounted.

 

Impediments in way of union with the Creator

The soul performs a similar role. It comes from the Creator, gives life to the body, and aims to merge with the Creator. However, delusion caused by allurements of the world act as impediments as one forgets divine commands.

 

Gurbani gives examples and solutions as follows, on page 656.

 

Jab ham hotey tab too naahi; ab toohi mai naahi. Anal agam jaisey lahar mayi odadh, jal keyval jal maahi.

When there was ego in my mind, then You were not there, o Almighty; now that my ego is dissolved only You are present.

It is like waves rise above the water of the ocean when there is turbulence, but the waves fall back when the turbulence ends.

 

Message: When there is turbulence in the mind, all types of thoughts arise and one forgets the Master. When turbulence is over, one is at peace and finds the Master within.

 

Madhvey kiaa kaheeau bhram aisa; jaisa maaneeai hoey na taisa.

What is this delusion caused by, o Almighty. It is believing in something which is not that.

 

Here are examples

 

Narpat eyk singhaasan soiaa supney bhaiaa bhikhaari. Achat raaj bichhrat dukh paaiaa so at-i bhaee hamaari.

A king sitting on the throne dozed off and found himself to be a beggar in a dream.

He being a king lost his kingdom and felt miserable; such is our state.

 

Message: The Almighty is within us but being inebriated by attachment to the world-play, we become oblivious. We can become alert and find the Master with the guru’s guidance.

 

Raaj bhuia’n prasang jaisey hai ab kachh maram janaaiaa. Anik kattak jaisey bhool parey ab kahtey kahan na aaiaa.

 

Like in the story of a piece of rope lying on dark street is mistaken as a snake – the delusion ends when light comes on. Or, ornaments made from gold are considered different from gold, but one who is aware, does not say so.

 

Message: Delusion is caused by ignorance; one feels ornaments made from gold are different than gold. When that delusion goes one sees the truth, i.e. the soul is part of the Creator and merges back, like ornaments when melted are gold.

 

Sarbey eyk aneykai suaami sabh ghatt bhugvai soee. Kah Ravidas haath pai neyrai sahjey hoey so hoee.

The One Almighty is the Master of all creatures of various types; and is present in all.

The Master being present within is nearer than where the hands can reach on the body; everything happens naturally – according to the divine system, says Ravidas.

 

Message: The reference to hands above in the context that they have the maximum reach of all the organs of the body, but the Master is nearer – within.

 

We Reap what we Sow – We Determine our Destiny

 

The clergy asks people to believe in efficacy of worship, dogmas, superstitions, and rituals to avoid hell and deserve heaven. Sri Guru Granth Sahib teaches that there is no such place as heaven or hell. One blossoms or perishes according to one’s deeds. It uses the allegory of a farmer and says:

 

Amal kar dharti beej sabdo kar sach ki aab nit deyh paani. Hoey kirsaan eemaan jamaaeylai bhist dojak moorrey eyv jaani. P 24

 

Make your deeds the soil, and put divine commands as the seed; irrigate it with the water of truthful obedience to divine commands.

You will then be a farmer whose conduct is honest; this is how one knows what is heaven and hell.

 

Gurbani says:

 

Hukam chalaaey aapney karmi vahai kalaam. Nanak sachaa sach naaey sach sabhaa deebaan. P 1240

 

The Almighty’s pen moves by His command; the pen moves depending on our deeds. The Almighty is just His justice is just – it is natural justice.

 

One should tell the self.

 

Dadaa dos na deyoo kisai dos karammaa aapniaa. Jo mi keeaa so mai paaiaa dos na deejay avar Janaa. P 432

 

I cannot blame others for my woes, the fault lies with my deeds. I obtained consequences of my deeds; I cannot blame anyone else.

 

Some people complain of God’s indifference when in trouble saying why did God have do this to me. The point to understand is that the Creator has laid down how everything happens. It is our actions which determine the result.

Epilogue

 

Japji Sahib, the first composition in SGGS is a step-by-step guidance for a practical spiritual life. It culminates with this epilogue.

Pavan guru paani pitaa maata dhrat mahat.

Air is the guru, water the father, and earth the great mother.

(Note: These are metaphors to convey that the soul is the master of the body, while the father’s semen and the mother’s egg procreate like water and soil produce and maintain crops and plants).

Divas raat duey daaee daaiaa kheylai sagal jagat

Day and night are the two nannies and the whole world plays/functions as per their schedule, i.e. work and rest.

Changiaaeeaa buriaaeeaa vaachai dharam hadoor.

The metaphoric judge in divine court relates good and bad deeds of the creatures to God.

Karmi aapoaapni key neyrai kay door.

It is by deeds that one either gets near, i.e. unites with the Almighty or is kept away. This means attaining solace or remaining miserable.

Jini naam dhiaaiaa gaey masakat ghaal.

Those who pay attention to divine commands acts as ordained – and unite with the Almighty.

Nanak tey much ujley keyti chhuttee naal. P 8.

 

Their faces are clean/free of blemish and many others are saved from separation from the Almighty, in their company.

The Sikh religion teaches to ever remain aware of, and conform to, divine virtues and commands. Delusions caused by temptations can be overcome with this awareness. One needs to be naturally and intuitively dedicated, not display piety to please the world.

 

 

 

 

Fundamentals of Sikh Faith

Guru Nanak has encapsulated the Sikh philosophy in many of his Shabads (compositions). One of them says that the three pillars ofSikh faith are Simran (remembrance of the Creator and Hukam or His commands), Sach (truthfulness), and

Seva (service). This Shabad in Siri Raag is on pages 25-26 of Sri Guru Granth Sahib and uses the metaphor of obtaining light obtained from an oil lamp to describe how mind can be enlightened: In life humans are influenced by the environment which takes many forms. These include wondrous things happening around us, distractions provided by the sensory organs and attachment to wealth and family.Going after transitory pleasures like intoxicants and satisfaction of lust also represent Maya among others. Efforts are needed to keep the effects of Maya at bay. The Shabad provides guidelines for a practical spiritual life in this regard as follows.

ਸਿਰੀਰਾਗੁ ਮਹਲਾ ੧ ਘਰੁ ੫ ਅਛਲ ਛਲਾਈ ਨਹ ਛਲੈ ਨਹ ਘਾਉ ਕਟਾਰਾ ਕਰਿ ਸਕੈ

(A devotee’s) faith is not deceived by the undeceivable Maya (no one can deceive it) nor is it wounded by any weapon;

ਜਿਉ ਸਾਹਿਬੁ ਰਾਖੈ ਤਿਉ ਰਹੈ ਇਸੁ ਲੋਭੀ ਕਾ ਜੀਉ ਟਲ ਪਲੈ

He lives by Divine will (bhaana), but the self-oriented (greedy person) wavers;

Question:

ਬਿਨੁ ਤੇਲ ਦੀਵਾ ਕਿਉ ਜਲੈ ਰਹਾਉ

How can a lamp give light (remove ignorance) without oil (knowledge)?

Answer:

ਪੋਥੀ ਪੁਰਾਣ ਕਮਾਈਐ ਭਉ ਵਟੀ ਇਤੁ ਤਨਿ ਪਾਈਐ ਸਚੁ ਬੂਝਣੁ ਆਣਿ ਜਲਾਈਐ

Live by scriptural teachings; let the wick of the lamp be compliance with commands and light it with the understanding of truth;

ਇਹੁ ਤੇਲੁ ਦੀਵਾ ਇਉ ਜਲੈ ਕਰਿ ਚਾਨਣੁ ਸਾਹਿਬ ਤਉ ਮਿਲੈ ਰਹਾਉ

This is the oil that sustains the lamp; with this enlightenment one meets the Master;

ਇਤੁ ਤਨਿ ਲਾਗੈ ਬਾਣੀਆ ਸੁਖੁ ਹੋਵੈ ਸੇਵ ਕਮਾਣੀਆ ਸਭ ਦੁਨੀਆ ਆਵਣ ਜਾਣੀਆ

When the Word touches the mind one finds pleasure in service (doing one’s duties); remember everything in this world is perishable (so do not be distracted);

ਵਿਚਿ ਦੁਨੀਆ ਸੇਵ ਕਮਾਈਐ ਤਾ ਦਰਗਹ ਬੈਸਣੁ ਪਾਈਐ ਕਹੁ ਨਾਨਕ ਬਾਹ ਲੁਡਾਈਐ ੩੩੨੫-੨੬

If we serve (go by Hukam) while in this world, we receive honor in the Lord’s presence; and wave our hands in joy (M: 1, SGGS, p 25-26).

Human life is the opportunity provided to the soul to merge back into God, its source. There is no mention of any dogmas, rituals or superstitions for achieving this purpose and there is no requirement to follow them. The Shabad brings out the following as translated above:

  1. One who follows the Guru’s teachings escapes from the grip of Maya. The fifth Guru says:

ਕਹੁਨਾਨਕ ਜਿਨਿ ਧੂਰਿ ਸੰਤ ਪਾਈ ਤਾ ਕੈ ਨਿਕਟਿ ਨ ਆਵੈ ਮਾਈ ੫੧੮੨

Maya does not come near one who seeks the Guru’s sanctuary

i.e.follows Guru’s teachings (M: 5, SGGS, p 182).

  1. Such a person lives by Divine will. He is firmly of the belief that whatever God wills happens. Human efforts are only excuses, in that humans are used as tools. Guru Nanak says:

ਜੋਤਿਸੁਭਾਵੈਸੰਮ੍ਰਥਸੋਥੀਐਹੀਲੜਾਏਹੁਸੰਸਾਰੋ੧੫੭੯

God alone is capable to do any thing;

human efforts are excuses (M: 1, SGGS, p 579).

ਗੁਰਮੁਖਿ ਤੇਰਾ ਭਾਣਾ ਭਾਵੈ ਸਹਜੇ ਹੀ ਸੁਖੁ ਸਚੁ ਕਮਾਵੈ

ਭਾਣੇ ਨੋ ਲੋਚੈ ਬਹੁਤੇਰੀ ਆਪਣਾ ਭਾਣਾ ਆਪਿ ਮਨਾਇਦਾ ੩੧੦੬੩

One who goes by the Guru’s word accepts God’s will;

He easily receives comfort and reaches the eternal Master (M: 3, SGGS, p 1063).

  1. Self oriented persons who ignore the teachings because of greed and other afflictions waver:

ਆਇਓਸੁਨਨਪੜਨਕਉਬਾਣੀ

ਨਾਮੁਵਿਸਾਰਿਲਗਹਿਅਨਲਾਲਚਿਬਿਰਥਾਜਨਮੁਪਰਾਣੀਰਹਾਉ੫੧੨੧੯

Humans are required to pay heed to the Divine Word (commands);

In greed one forgets the Lord and wastes human life (M: 5, SGGS p 1291).

ਮਨਮੁਖੁ ਕਰਮ ਕਰੇ ਅਹੰਕਾਰੀ ਜੂਐ ਜਨਮੁ ਸਭ ਬਾਜੀ ਹਾਰੀ

ਅੰਤਰਿ ਲੋਭੁ ਮਹਾ ਗੁਬਾਰਾ ਫਿਰਿ ਫਿਰਿ ਆਵਣ ਜਾਵਣਿਆ ੪੧੩੦

The self oriented person acts in vanity; he treats life as a gamble and loses;

Greed and ignorance keep him in cycles of death and rebirth (M: 4, SGGS, p 130).

  1. The way to get enlightenment is:
    • Live by scriptural teachings that spread the Divine word. A devotee treats them as life’s nectar:

ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤੁ ਤੇਰੀ ਬਾਣੀਆ ਤੇਰਿਆ ਭਗਤਾ ਰਿਦੈ ਸਮਾਣੀਆ

ਸੁਖ ਸੇਵਾ ਅੰਦਰਿ ਰਖਿਐ ਆਪਣੀ ਨਦਰਿ ਕਰਹਿ ਨਿਸਤਾਰਿ ਜੀਉ ੧੨੧੭੨

O Lord Your Word is nectar and abides in the minds of Your devotees;

There is solace in Your service and your grace takes us across the world ocean

(M: 1, SGGS, p 72).

    • Obey preordained commands of God without any argument:

ਊਹਾ ਹੁਕਮੁ ਤੁਮਾਰਾ ਸੁਣੀਐ ਈਹਾ ਹਰਿ ਜਸੁ ਤੇਰਾ ਭਣੀਐ

ਆਪੇ ਲੇਖ ਅਲੇਖੈ ਆਪੇ ਤੁਮ ਸਿਉ ਨਾਹੀ ਕਿਛੁ ਝਾੜਾ ੫੧੦੮੧

The soul heard Your commands before birth; it must remember your commands here;

You write our accounts but are Yourself not subject to any account;

There is no argument with You (M: 5, SGGS, p 1081)

    • Make truth the guiding light.

ਆਪੇ ਸਚੁ ਭਾਵੈ ਤਿਸੁ ਸਚੁ ਅੰਧਾ ਕਚਾ ਕਚੁ ਨਿਕਚੁ ਰਹਾਉ ੧੨੫

The Creator is Truth and likes truthfulness;

Those who remain ignorant of this never reach fruition: Pause: (M: 1, SGGS, p 25).

ਸਚਹੁ ਓਰੈ ਸਭੁ ਕੋ ਉਪਰਿ ਸਚੁ ਆਚਾਰੁ ੧੬੨

Truth is higher than every thing,

but higher still is truthful living (M: 1, SGGS, p 62).

Truth has to be practiced in thought, word and deed. All cobwebs of untruth i.e. influences of things transitory around the mind are then removed. The mind is then enlightened enabling it to have a vision of the Lord..

ਸੋ ਜਨੁ ਸਾਚਾ ਜਿ ਅੰਤਰੁ ਭਾਲੇ ਗੁਰ ਕੈ ਸਬਦਿ ਹਰਿ ਨਦਰਿ ਨਿਹਾਲੇ

ਗਿਆਨ ਅੰਜਨੁ ਪਾਏ ਗੁਰ ਸਬਦੀ ਨਦਰੀ ਨਦਰਿ ਮਿਲਾਇਦਾ ੩੧੦੬੫

A person who searches the mind gets to the Truth;

Through the guru’s word which removes ignorance, he receives

Divine grace leading to vision of God (M:3, SGGS, p 1065)

    • If the teachings through the holy word are assimilated by the mind, one is motivated to serve and get solace. Service has two aspects, those of obedience of commands which is the other name for laws of nature, doing physical service and sharing resources. This last is called Vand Chhakna literally meaning sharing food. It is important that resources shared should have been earned by honest means. This combines truthfulness with service
    • Remember everything in this world will perish. This is an exhortation to shed vanity and ego caused by so called high caste, physical strength, position of authority, beauty and wealth. These are all transitory. Some of them may be lost in life but all are lost on death because nothing goes with the soul except the consequences of its deeds. Not being swayed by these is not easy; one needs to kill the pride caused by them. Those who can do this are Mar Jeevray, the living dead because they kill their ego. They are also called Jeevan Mukt or emancipated in life. They remain happy in this word and are rewarded with salvation by way of being accepted by God.

ਗੁਰ ਪਰਸਾਦੀ ਜੀਵਤ ਮਰੈ ਮਰਿ ਜੀਵੈ ਸਬਦੁ ਕਮਾਇ

ਮੁਕਤਿ ਦੁਆਰਾ ਸੋਈ ਪਾਏ ਜਿ ਵਿਚਹੁ ਆਪੁ ਗਵਾਇ ੩੧੨੭੬

One who lives by Gur-shabad is helped by the Guru to shed ego;

Only one who sheds ego receives salvation (M: 3, SGGS, p 1276).

Such a person lives in Simran, Sach and Seva, the three cardinal principles of a Sikh’s life. They also are often expressed as Naam Japna (remembering God and His commands), Dharam di Kirt (making an honest truthful living) and Vand Chhakna (sharing with others). The difference between charity and Vand Chhakna is that in the latter one does not give but shares and that subdues ego. The practical demonstration of this is in the Guru Ka Langar, where everybody particularly those who may have contributed towards preparation of the food first serve the congregation and then eat themselves. This promotes humility.

These seem to be too idealistic to cater for the aspirations of those who want to achieve in this competitive era. A closer look would show that this really meet soch aspirations. Gurbani encourages people to work and achieve but also not become obsessed with wealth, physical strength, beauty, work or promotion and neglect other aspects like quality of life. These include responsibility to the family, society and the country. It is also necessary that while making the most of this life the hereafter is not forgotten because the stay in this world is transitory, just a step towards to what lies ahead in later life and after death.

What we do here is guided by how we look at life. Simple questions to ask are: What am I here for? Could I have decided in which country, family or faith I was to be born? What are my responsibilities in this regard? What should I do to be happy here as well as in the hereafter?

The answer to these questions lies in four words Dharam (dutifulness towards the Divine, family and the society), Arth (economic well being (working honestly to earn, contribute to development and share), Kaam (fulfillment of desires and ambitions) and Mokh or Mukti (release from the bondage of reincarnation through release from bondage to the means of work, pleasure and enjoyment; this the other name for service without a sense of greed or its rewards).

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